The Contract Law of the People's Republic of China (adopted in second conference of the 9th National People's Congress on March 15, 1999)

Chapter I General Principles

Article 1 This Law is enacted to protect the lawful rights and interests of the contracting parties, to maintain social and economic order and to promote socialist modernization.

Article 2 A contract referred to in this Law is an agreement among natural persons, legal persons and/or other organizations as equal parties for the establishment, modification or termination of a relationship involving the civil rights and obligations of such entities.
Agreements with respect to personal relationships such as marriage, adoption, guardianship, etc., shall be governed by the provisions in other laws.

Article 3 The parties of a contract shall have equal legal status, and no party shall impose its own will upon the other party.

Article 4 The parties have the right to lawfully enter into a contract of their own free will, and no entity or individual shall unlawfully interfere therewith.

Article 5 In defining their respective rights and obligations, the parties shall adhere to the principle of fairness.

Article 6 In exercising their rights and performing their obligations, the parties shall observe the principles of honesty and good faith.

Article 7 In concluding and performing a contract, the parties shall comply with the laws and administrative regulations, respect social morals, and shall not disrupt the social and economic order or impair the social and public interests.

Article 8 A contract concluded under the law shall be legally binding on the parties thereto, each of whom shall perform its own obligations as agreed, and no party shall unilaterally modify or terminate the contract.
A contract lawfully concluded shall by protected by the law.

Chapter II Conclusion of Contract

Article 9 In entering into a contract, the parties shall have appropriate capacities for civil rights and civil conducts.
A party may appoint an agent to enter into a contract on its behalf in accordance with the law.

Article 10 The parties may use written, oral or other forms in entering into a contract.
A contract shall be in written form if the laws or administrative regulations so provide. A contract shall be concluded in written form if the parties so agree.

Article 11 "Written form" refers to a form such as a written contractual agreement, letter, electronic data text (including a telegram, telex, fax, electronic data exchange and e-mail) that can tangibly express the contents contained therein.

Article 12 The contents of a contract shall be agreed upon by the parties, and shall generally contain the following clauses:
(1) titles or names and domiciles of the parties;
(2) subject matter;
(3) quantity;
(4) quality;
(5) price or remuneration;
(6) time limit, place and method of performance;
(7) liability for breach of contract; and
(8) method to settle disputes.
The parties may conclude a contract by reference to a model text of each kind of contract.

Article 13 The parties shall conclude a contract in the form of an offer and an acceptance.

Article 14 An offer is an expression of an intent to enter into a contract with another person. Such expression of intent shall comply with the following:
(1) its contents shall be specific and definite;
(2) it indicates that the offeror will be bound by the expression of intent in case of acceptance by the offeree.

Article 15 An invitation for offer is an expression of an intent to invite other parties to make offers thereto. Mailed price lists, public notices of auction and tender, prospectuses and commercial advertisements, etc. are invitations for offer.
Where the contents of a commercial advertisement meet the requirements for an offer, it shall be regarded as an offer.

Article 16 An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.
　 　If a contract is concluded through data-telex, and a recipient designates a specific system to receive the date-telex, the time when the data-telex enters such specific system shall be the time of arrival; if no specific system is appointed, the time when the data-telex first enters any of the recipient’s systems shall be regarded as the time of arrival.

Article 17 An offer may be withdrawn. The withdrawal notice shall reach the offeree before or at the same time when the offer arrives.

Article 18 An offer may be revoked. The revocation notice shall reach the offeree before it the offeree has dispatched a notice of acceptance.

Article 19 An offer may not be revoked, if
(1) the offeror indicates a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise explicitly states that the offer is irrevocable; or
(2) the offeree has reasons to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and has made preparation for performing the contact.

Article 20 An offer shall lose efficacy under any of the following circumstances:
(1) the notice of rejection reaches the offeror;
(2) the offeror revokes the offer in accordance with the law;
(3) the offeree fails to dispatch an acceptance before the expiration of the time limit for acceptance;
(4) the offeree makes substantial changes to the contents of the offer.

Article 21 An acceptance is the expression of an intention of assenting to the offer made to by the offeree to assent to the offer.

Article 22 The acceptance shall be made in the form of a notice, except where acceptance may be made by an act on the basis of customary business practice or as expressed in the offer.

Article 23 An acceptance shall reach the offeror within the time limit as prescribed in the offer.
　 　Where no time limit is prescribed in the offer, the acceptance shall reach the offeror in accordance with the following provisions:
(1) if the offer is made in dialogues, the acceptance shall be made immediately unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties;
(2) If the offer is made in forms other than a dialogue, the acceptance shall reach the offeror within a reasonable period of time.

Article 24 Where an offer is made by letter or telegram, the time limit for acceptance shall accrue from the date shown in the letter or from the date on which the telegram is handed in for dispatch. If no such date is shown in the letter, it shall accrue from the postmark date on the envelope.
Where an offer is made by means of instantaneous communication, such as telephone or facsimile, etc. the time limit for acceptance shall accrue from the moment that the offer reaches the offeree.

Article 25 A contract is established when the acceptance becomes effective.

Article 26 An acceptance becomes effective when its notice reaches the offeror. If notice of acceptance is not required, the acceptance shall become effective when an act of acceptance is performed in accordance with transaction practices or as required in the offer.
　　Where a contract is concluded in the form of date-telex, the time of arrival of an acceptance shall be governed by the provisions of Paragraph 2, Article 16 of this Law.

Article 27 An acceptance may be withdrawn, but a notice of withdrawal shall reach the offeror before or at the same time when the notice of acceptance reaches the offeror.

Article 28 Where an offeree makes an acceptance beyond the time limit for acceptance, the acceptance shall be a new offer except that the offeror promptly informs the offeree of the effectiveness of the said acceptance.

Article 29 If the offeree dispatched the acceptance within the time limit specified for acceptance, and under normal circumstances the acceptance would have reached the offeror in due time, but due to other reasons the acceptance reaches the offeror after the time limit for acceptance has expired, such acceptance shall be effective, unless the offeror notifies the offeree in a timely manner that it does not accept the acceptance due to the failure of the acceptance to arrive within the time limit.

Article 30 The contents of an acceptance shall comply with those of the offer. If the offeree substantially modifies the contents of the offer, it shall constitute a new offer. The modification relating to the subject matter, quality, quantity, price or remuneration, time or place or method of performance, liabilities for breach of contract and method of dispute resolution, etc. shall constitute the substantial modification of an offer.

Article 31 If the acceptance does not substantially modifies the contents of the offer, it shall be effective, and the contents of the contract shall be subject to those of the acceptance, except as rejected promptly by the offeror or indicated in the offer that an acceptance may not modify the offer at all.

Article 32 Where the parties conclude a contract in written form, the contract is established when it is signed or sealed by the parties.

Article 33 Where the parties conclude the contract in the form of letters or data-telex, etc., one party may request to sign a letter of confirmation before the conclusion of the contract. The contract shall be established at the time when the letter of confirmation is signed.

Article 34 The place of effectiveness of an acceptance shall be the place of the establishment of the contract.
　 　If the contract is concluded in the form of data-telex, the main business place of the recipient shall be the place of establishment. If the recipient does not have a main business place, its habitual residence shall be considered to be the place of establishment. Where the parties agree otherwise, such agreement shall apply.

Article 35 Where the parties conclude a contract in written form, the place where both parties sign or affix their seals on the contract shall be the place of establishment.

Article 36 Where a contract is to be concluded in written form as required prescribed by relevant laws and administrative regulations or as agreed by the both parties, and the parties failed to conclude the contract in written form, but one party has performed the principal obligation and the other party has accepted it, the contract is established.

Article 37 Where a contract is to be concluded in written form, if one party has performed its principal obligation and the other party has accepted it before signing or sealing of the contract, the contract is established.

Article 38 Where the State has issued a mandatory plan or a State purchasing order based on necessity, the relevant legal persons and the other organizations shall conclude a contract between them in accordance with the rights and obligations as stipulated by the relevant laws and administrative regulations.

Article 39 Where standard terms are adopted in concluding a contract, the party supplying the standard terms shall define the rights and obligations between the parties abiding by the principle of fairness, and shall inform the other party to note the exclusion or restriction of its liabilities in a reasonable way, and shall explain the standard terms upon request by the other party.
party.
　 　Standard terms are clauses that are prepared in advance for general and repeated use by one party, and which are not negotiated with the other party when the contract is concluded.

Article 40 When standard terms are under the circumstances stipulated in Articles 52 and 53 of this Law, or the party which supplies the standard terms exempts itself from its liabilities, increases the liabilities of the other party, and deprives the material rights of the other party, the terms shall be invalid.

Article 41 If a dispute over the understanding of the standard terms occurs, it shall be interpreted in accordance with common understanding. Where there are two or more kinds of interpretation, an interpretation unfavorable to the party supplying the standard terms shall prevail. Where the standard terms are inconsistent with non-standard terms, the latter shall prevail.

Article 42 The party shall be liable for damage if it is under one of the following circumstances in concluding a contract and thus causing causes losses to the other party:
(1) pretending to conclude a contract, and negotiating in bad faith;
(2) deliberately concealing important facts relating to the conclusion of the contract or providing false information;
(3) performing other acts which violate the principle of good faith.

Article 43 A trade secret the parties learn in concluding a contract shall not be disclosed or improperly used, no matter the contract is established or not. If the party discloses or improperly uses such trade secret and thus causing causes loss to the other party, it shall be liable for damages.

Chapter 3 Validity of Contracts

Article 44 The contract established according to law becomes effective upon its establishment.
　 　With regard to contracts that are subject to approval or registration as stipulated by relevant laws or administrative regulations, the provisions thereof shall be followed.

Article 45 The parties may agree on that the effectiveness of a contract be subject to certain conditions. A contract whose effectiveness is subject to certain conditions shall become effective when such conditions are accomplished. The contract with dissolving conditions shall become invalid when such conditions are satisfied.
　　If a party improperly prevents the satisfaction of a condition for its own interests, the condition shall be regarded as having been accomplished. If a party improperly facilitates the satisfaction of a condition, such condition shall be regarded as not to have been satisfied.

Article 46 The parties may agree on a conditional time period as to the effectiveness of the contract. A contract subject to an effective time period shall come into force when the period expiresstarts. A contract with termination time period shall become invalid when the period expires.

Article 47 A contract concluded by a person with limited civil capacity of civil conduct shall be effective after being ratified afterwards by the person’s statutory agent, but a pure profit-making contract or a contract concluded which is appropriate to the person’s age, intelligence or mental health conditions need not be ratified by the person’s statutory agent.
　　 The counterpart may urge the statutory agent to ratify the contract within one month. It shall be regarded as a refusal of ratification that the statutory agent does not make any expression. A bona fide counterpart has the right to withdraw it before the contract is ratified. The withdrawal shall be made by means of notice.

Article 48 A contract concluded by an actor who has no power of agency, who oversteps the power of agency, or whose power of agency has expired, and yetbut concludes it on behalf of the principal, shall have no legally binding force on the principal without ratification by the principal, and the actor shall be held liable.
　　The counterpart may urge the principal to ratify it within one month. It shall be regarded as a refusal of ratification that the principal does not make any expression. A bona fide counterpart has the right to withdraw it before the contract is ratified. The withdrawal shall be made by means of notice.

Article 49 If an actor has no power of agency, oversteps the power of agency, or the its power of agency has expired, and yet concludes a contract in the principal’s name, and the counterpart has reasons to trust that the actor has the power of agency, and the act of agency shall be effective.

Article 50 Where a statutory representative or a responsible person of a legal person or other organization oversteps his/her power and concludes a contract, the representative act shall be effective except that the counterpart knows or ought to know that he/she is overstepping his/her powers.

Article 51 Where a person having no right to disposal of property disposes of other persons’ properties, and the principal ratifies the act afterwards, or the person without power of disposal has obtained the power after through concluding a contract, the contract shall be valid.

Article 52 A contract shall be null and void under any of the following circumstances:
(1) a contract is concluded through the use of fraud or coercion by one party to damage the interests of the State;
(2) malicious collusion is conducted to damage the interests of the State, a collective or a third party;
(3) an illegitimate purpose is concealed under the guise of legitimate acts;
(4) damaging the public interests;
(5) violating the compulsory provisions of laws and administrative regulations.

Article 53 The following exception clauses in a contract shall be null and void:
(1) those that cause personal injury to the other party;
(2) those that cause property damages to the other party as result of deliberate intent or gross negligence.

Article 54 A party shall have the right to request the people’s court or an arbitration institution to modify or revoke the following contracts:
(1) those concluded as a result of significant misconception;
(2) those that are obviously unfair at the time when being concluding the contracted.
　 　If a contract is concluded by one party against the other party’s true intentions through the use of fraud, coercion, or exploitation of the other party’s unfavorable position, the injured party shall have the right to request the people’s court or an arbitration institution to modify or revoke it.
　　Where a party requests for modification, the people’s court or the arbitration institution may not revoke the contract.

Article 55 The right to revoke a contract shall extinguish under any of the following circumstances:
(1) a party having the right to revoke the contract fails to exercise the right within one year from the day that it knows or ought to know the revoking causes;
(2) a party having the right to revoke the contract explicitly expresses or conducts an act to waive the right after it knows the revoking causes.

Article 56 A contract that is null and void or revoked shall have no legally binding force ever from the very beginning. If part of a contract is null and void without affecting the validity of the other parts, the other parts shall still be valid.

Article 57 If a contract is null and void, revoked or terminated, it shall not affect the validity of the dispute settlement clause which is independently existing in the contract.

Article 58 The property acquired as a result of a contract shall be returned after the contract is confirmed to be null and void or has been revoked; where the property can not be returned or the return is unnecessary, it shall be reimbursed at its estimated price. The party at fault shall compensate the other party for losses incurred as a result therefrom. If both parties are fault, each party shall respectively be liable.

Article 59 If the parties have maliciously conducted collusion to damage the interests of the State, a collective or a third party, the property thus acquired shall be turned over to the State or returned to the collective or the third party.

Chapter 4 Performance of Contracts

Article 60 Each party shall fully perform its own obligations as agreed upon.
　 　The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith, and perform obligations of notification, assistance, and confidentiality, etc. in accordance with the nature and purpose of the contract and the transaction practice.

Article 61 Where, after the contract becomes effective, there is no agreement in the contract between the parties on such contents as quality, price or remuneration, or place of performance etc., or such agreement is ambiguous, the parties may agree upon supplementary terms through consultation; if a supplementary agreement cannot be reached, such terms shall be determined in accordance with the relevant provisions of the contract or the transaction practices.

Article 62 Where certain contents agreed upon by the parties in the contract are ambiguous and cannot be determined in accordance with the provisions in Article 61 of this Law, the following provisions shall be applied:
(1) if quality requirement is not clear, performance shall be in accordance with the state standard or industry standard; absent anyif the state or industry standard is absent, performance shall be in accordance with the customary standard or any particular standard consistent with the purpose of the contract;
(2) if price or remuneration is not clear, performance shall be in accordance with the prevailing market price at the place of performance at the time the contract was concluded, and if adoption of a price commissioned by the government or based on government issued pricing guidelines is required by law, such requirement applies;
(3) where the place of performance is not clear, if the obligation is payment of money, performance shall be at the place where the payee is located; if the obligation is delivery of immovable property, performance shall be at the place where the immovable property is located; for any other subject matter, performance shall be effected at the place of location of the party fulfilling the obligations.
(4) if the time of performance is not clear, the obligor may perform, and the obligee may require performance, at any time, provided that the other party shall be given the time required for preparation;
(5) if the method of performance is not clear, performance shall be rendered in a manner which is conducive to realizing the purpose of the contract;
(6) if the responsibility for the expenses of performance is not clear, the party fulfilling the obligations shall bear the expenses.

Article 63 Where the government-fixed price or government-directed price is followed in a contract, if the said price is readjusted by the government within the time limit for delivery as stipulated in the contract, the payment shall be calculated according to the price at the time of delivery. Where a party delays in delivering the subject matter, the original price shall be adopted even if the price rises; and the new price shall be adopted if the price falls. Where a party delays in taking delivery of the subject matter or making payment, the new price shall be adopted if the price rises, and the original price shall be adopted if the price falls.

Article 64 Where the parties agree that the obligor shall perform the obligations to a third party, and the obligor fails to perform its obligations to such third party or its performance of the obligations is not in conformity with the agreement, the obligor shall be liable to the obligee for breach of contract.

Article 65 Where the parties agree that a third party performs the obligations to the obligee, and the third party fails to perform the obligations or the performance is not in conformity with the agreement, the obligor shall be liable to the obligee for breach of contract.

Article 66 Where both parties have obligations toward one another and there is no order of priority in respect of the performance of obligations, the parties shall perform the obligations simultaneously. Each party has the right to reject any demand by the other party for performance prior to the performance by the other party. If the performance of the obligations of the party who is to perform first is not in conformity with the agreement, the party who is perform later has the right to reject the other party’s demand for corresponding performance.

Article 67 Where both parties have obligations toward each other and there is an order of priority in respect of the performance, and the party who is to perform first fails to perform, the party who is to perform later has the right to reject the other party’s demand for performance. If the performance of the obligations of the party who is to perform first is not in conformity with the agreement, the party who is to perform later has the right to reject the other party’s demand for corresponding performance.
agreement, the party who is to perform later has the right to reject the other party’s demand for corresponding performance.

Article 68 The party required to perform first may suspend its performance if it has conclusive evidence showing that the other party is under any of the following circumstances:
(1) its business has seriously deteriorated;
(2) it has engaged in transfer of assets or withdrawal of funds for the purpose of evading debts;
(3) it has lost its business creditworthiness;
(4) it is in any other circumstance which will or may cause it to lose its ability to perform.
　　Where a party suspends performance without conclusive evidence, it shall be liable for breach of contract.

Article 69 If a party suspends its performance in accordance with the provisions of Article 68 of this Law, it shall timely notify the other party. If the other party provides appropriate assurance for its performance, the party shall resume performance. After performance was suspended, if the other party fails to regain its ability to perform and fails to provide appropriate assurance within a reasonable time, the suspending party may terminate the contract.
other party fails to regain its ability to perform and fails to provide appropriate assurance within a reasonable time, the suspending party may terminate the contract.

Article 70 Where the obligee fails to notify the obligor of its separation, merger, or change of the domicile, thereby making it difficult for the obligor to perform its obligations, the obligor may suspend its performance or escrow the subject matter.

Article 71 The obligee may reject the obligor’s advance performance of its obligations, except that the advance performance does not harm the obligee’s interests.
　　Any additional expense incurred by the obligee due to the obligor’s advance performance of its obligations shall be borne by the obligor.

Article 72 An obligee may reject the obligor’s partial performance, except that the partial performance of its obligations does not harm the obligee’s interests.
　　Any additional expense incurred to the obligee by the obligee due to the obligor’s partial performance of its obligations shall be borne by the obligor.

Article 73 Where the obligor is remiss in exercising its due creditor’s right, thereby harming the obligee’s interests, the obligee may petition the People’s Court for subrogation in its own name, except that the creditor’s right exclusively belongs to the obligor.
　　The extent to which the subrogation rights can be exercised is limited to the obligee’s rights. The expenses necessary for the obligee to exercise such subrogation rights shall be borne by the obligor.

Article 74 Where the obligor waives its creditor’s right against a third party that is due or assigns its property without reward, thereby harming the obligee’s interests, the obligee may petition the People’s Court for cancellation of the obligor’s act. Where the obligor assigns its property at a low price which is manifestly unreasonable, thereby harming the obligee’s interests, and the assignee is aware of the situation, the obligee may also petition the People’s Court for cancellation of the obligor’s act.
at a low price which is manifestly unreasonable, thereby harming the obligee’s interests, and the assignee is aware of the situation, the obligee may also petition the People’s Court for cancellation of the obligor’s act.
　　The extent to which the right to cancel can be exercised is limited to the rights of the obligee. The expenses necessary for the obligee to exercise the right to cancel shall be borne by the obligor.

Article 75 The right to cancel shall be exercised within one year forom the date the obligee knows or should have known of the matter for cancellation. Such right to cancel shall lapse if the obligee fails to exercise such rights within five years from the date of the occurrence of such act.

Article 76 Once a contract becomes effective, a party may not refuse to perform its obligations thereunder due to a change in its name, or its legal representative, the person in charge, or the person handling the contract.

Chapter 5 Modification and Assignment of Contracts

Article 77 A contract may be modified if the parties reach a consensus through consultation.
　 　If the laws or administrative regulations so provide, approval and registration procedures for such modification shall be gone through in accordance with such provisions.

Article 78 Where an agreement by the parties on the contents of a modification is ambiguous, the contract shall be presumed as not having been modified.

Article 79 The obligee may assign its rights under a contract, in whole or in part, to a third party, except under the following circumstances:
(1) such rights may not be assigned in light of the nature of the contract;
(2) such rights may not be assigned according to the agreement between the parties;
(3) such rights may not be assigned according to the provisions of the laws.

Article 80 Where the obligee assigns its rights, it shall notify the obligor. Such assignment will have no effect on the obligor without notice thereof.
　　A notice by the obligee to assign its rights shall not be revoked, unless such revocation is consented to by the assignee.

Article 81 Where the obligee assigns its right, the assignee shall acquire the collateral rights related to the principal rights, except that the collateral rights exclusively belong to the obligee.

Article 82 Upon receipt of the notice of assignment of rights, the obligor may assert against the assignee any defenses it has against the assignor.

Article 83 Upon receipt by the obligor of the notice of assignment of rights, the obligor shall have vested rights against the assignor, and if the rights of the obligor vest prior to or at the same time as the assigned rights, the obligor may claim an offset against the assignee.

Article 84 Where the obligor delegates its obligations under a contract in whole or in part to a third party, such delegation shall be subject to the consent of the obligee.

Article 85 Where the obligor delegates its obligation, the new obligor may exercise any defense that the original obligor had against the obligee.

Article 86 Where the obligor delegates its obligation, the new obligor shall assume the incidental obligations related to the main obligations, except that the obligations exclusively belong to the original obligor.

Article 87 Where the laws or administrative regulations stipulate that the assignment of rights or transfer of obligations shall undergo approval or registration procedures, such provisions shall be followed.

Article 88 Upon the consent of the other party, one party may transfer its rights together with its obligations under contract to a third party.

Article 89 Where the rights and obligations are transferred together, the provisions in Articles 79, Articles 81 to 83, and Articles 85 to 87 of this Law shall be applied.

Article 90 Where a party is merged after the contract has been concluded, the legal person or other organization established after the merger shall exercise the rights and obligations thereunder.Unless otherwise agreed upon by the obligor and obligee, the legal persons or other organizations that exist after the division shall jointly enjoy the rights and jointly assume the obligations under the contract.
under the contract.

Chapter 6 Termination of Contractual Rights and Obligations

Article 91 The rights and obligations under a contract shall be terminated under any of the following circumstances:
(1) the obligations have been performed as agreed upon;
(2) the contract has been rescinded;
(3) the obligations have been offset against each other;
(4) the obligor has escrowed the subject matter in accordance with the law;
(5) the obligee has released the obligor of its obligation;
(6) the rights and obligations have vested in one party;
(7) any other circumstances for termination as stipulated by the laws or agreed upon by the parties.

Article 92 After the termination of the rights and obligations under the contract, the parties shall observe the principal of honesty and good faith and perform the obligations of notification, assistance and confidentiality, etc. in accordance with relevant transaction practices.

Article 93 The parties may terminate a contract if they reach a consensus through consultation.
　 　The parties may agree upon conditions under which either party may terminate the contract. Upon satisfaction of the conditions, the party who has the right to terminate may terminate the contract.

Article 94 The parties to a contract may terminate the contract under any of the following circumstances:
(1) it is rendered impossible to achieve the purpose of contract due to an event of force majeure;
(2) prior to the expiration of the period of performance, the other party expressly states, or indicates through its conduct, that it will not perform its main obligation;
(3) the other party delayed performance of its main obligation after such performance has been demanded, and fails to perform within a reasonable period;
(4) the other party delays performance of its obligations, or breaches the contract in some other manner, rendering it impossible to achieve the purpose of the contract;
(5) other circumstance as provided by law.

Article 95 Where the laws stipulates or the parties agreed upon the time limit to exercise the right to terminate the contract, and no party exercises it when the time limit expires, the said right shall be extinguished.
　 　Where neither the law stipulates nor the parties make an agreement upon the time limit to exercise the right to terminate the contract, and no party exercise it within a reasonable time period after being urged, the said right shall be extinguished.

Article 96 A party demanding termination of a contract in accordance with the provisions of Paragraph 2 of Article 93 and Article 94 of this Law shall notify the other party. The contract shall be terminated upon the receipt of the notice by the other party. If the other party objects to such termination, it may petition the People’s Court or an arbitration institution to adjudicate the validity of the termination of the contract.
validity of the termination of the contract.
　　 Where the laws and administrative regulations so provide, the approval and registration procedures for the termination of the contract shall be gone through in accordance with such laws and regulations.

Article 97 After the termination of a contract, performance shall cease if the contract has not been performed; if the contract has been performed, a party may, in accordance with the circumstances of performance or the nature of the contract, demand the other party to restore such party to its original state or adopt other remedial measures, and such party shall have the right to demand compensation for damages.

Article 98 The termination of rights and obligations under a contact shall not affect the validity of clauses that related to the final settlement of accounts and winding-up.

Article 99 Where the parties are liable to one another for obligations that are due, and if the type and nature of the subject matter of such obligations are the same, any party may offset its own obligation against the obligation of the other party, except unless such offset is not allowed according to the laws and regulations or cannot be made given the nature of the contract.
　　The party who claims such offset shall notify the other party. The notice shall become effective when it reaches the other party. The offset shall not be subject to any condition or time limit.

Article 100 Where the parties have obligations towards one another, and the type and nature of such obligations are different, the obligations may also be offset upon consensus between the parties after consultation.

Article 101 The obligor may escrow the subject matter under any of the following circumstances which render performance of the obligations difficult:,
(1) the obligee refuses to accept them without justified reasons;
(2) the whereabouts of the obligee are unknown;
(3) the obligee is deceased and the successor has not been determined, or the obligee has lost civil capacity and a guardian has not been appointed;
(4) other circumstance as provided for in the laws.
　　 Where the subject matter is not fit for escrow, or the cost of escrow is excessively high, the obligor may auction or sell the subject matter according to law, and escrow the proceeds therefrom.

Article 102 Unless the whereabouts of the obligee are unknown, the obligee shall notify the obligee, or the successor or guardian of the obligor immediately after the subject matter has been placed in escrow.

Article 103 Once the subject matter has been placed in escrow, the risk of damage to, destruction or loss of the subject matter shall be borne by the obligee. The obligee shall be entitled to any fruits of the subject matter during the escrow period. Escrow expenses shall be borne by the obligee.

Article 104 The obligee may claim the subject matter in escrow at any time, except that if the obligee has any due obligations toward the obligor, prior to the obligee’s performance of its obligations or the obligee’s provision of security for its performance, the escrow institution shall, at the request of the obligor, refuse the obligee’s claim of the escrowed subject matter.
　　The right of the obligee to reclaim the subject matter in escrow shall lapse if it is not exercised within five years form the date the subject matter is placed in escrow, and the escrowed subject matter shall revert to the national treasury after the deduction of the escrow costs.

Article 105 Where an obligee releases the obligor of its own obligations, in whole or in part, the rights and obligations under the contract shall terminate in whole or in part.

Article 106 If the rights and obligations under a contract vest in one party, such rights and obligations thereunder shall terminate, unless they involve the interests of a third party.

Chapter 7 Liabilities for Breach of Contracts

Article 107 If a party fails to perform its obligations under a contract, or its performance fails to satisfy the terms of the contract, it shall bear the liabilities for breach of contract such as to continue to perform its obligations, to take remedial measures, or to compensate for losses.

Article 108 Where one party express explicitly or indicates by its conduct that it will not perform its obligations under a contract, the other party may demand it to bear the liability for the breach of contract before the expiry of the performance period.

Article 109 If a party fails to pay the price or remuneration, the other party may request it to make the payment.

Article 110 Where a party fails to perform the non-monetary obligations or its performance of non-monetary obligations fails to satisfy the terms of the contract, the other party may request it to perform it except under any of the following circumstances:
(1) it is unable to be performed in law or in fact;
(2) the subject matter of the obligation is unfit for compulsory performance or the performance expenses are excessively high;
(3) the obligee does not require performance within a reasonable time.

Article 111 Where the quality fails to satisfy the agreement, the breach of contract damages shall be borne in the manner as agreed upon by the parties. Where there is no agreement in the contract on the liability for breach of contract or such agreement is unclear, nor can it be determined in accordance with the provisions of Article 61 of this Law, the damaged party may, in light of the nature of the subject matter and the degree of loss, reasonably choose to request the other party to bear the liabilities for the breach of contract such as repairing, substituting, reworking, returning the goods, or reducing the price or remuneration.

Article 112 Where a party fails to perform its obligations under the contract or its performance fails to conform to the agreement, and the other party still suffers from other damages after the performance of the obligations or adoption of remedial measures, such party shall compensate the other party for such damages.

Article 113 Where a party fails to perform its obligations under the contract or its performance fails to conform to the agreement and cause losses to the other party, the amount of compensation for losses shall be equal to the losses caused by the breach of contract, including the interests receivable after the performance of the contract, provided not exceeding the probable losses caused by the breach of contract which has been foreseen or ought to be foreseen when the party in breach concludes the contract.
caused by the breach of contract which has been foreseen or ought to be foreseen when the party in breach concludes the contract.
　　The business operator who commits default activities in providing to the consumer any goods or services shall be liable for paying compensation for damages in accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests.
Article 114 The parties may agree that if one party breaches the contract, it shall pay a certain sum of liquidated damages to the other party in light of the circumstances of the breach, and may also agree on a method for the calculation of the amount of compensation for the damages incurred as a result of the breach.
　　Where the amount of liquidated damages agreed upon is lower than the damages incurred, a party may petition the People’s Court or an arbitration institution to make an increase; where the amount of liquidated damages agreed upon are significantly higher than the damages incurred, a party may petition the People’s Court or an arbitration institution to make an appropriate reduction.
　　Where the parties agree upon breach of contract damages in respect to the delay in performance, the party in breach shall perform the obligations after paying the breach of contract damages.

Article 115 The parties may agree that a party pay a deposit to the other party as a guaranty for the obligation in accordance with the Security Law of the People’s Republic of China. Upon the obligor has performed its obligation, the deposit shall be offset against the price or refunded to the obligor. If the party paying the deposit fails to perform its obligations under the contract, such party has no right to demand for the return of the deposit; where the party accepting the deposit fails to perform its obligations under the contract, such party shall refund twice the value of the deposit.

Article 116 If the parties agree on both liquidated damages and a deposit, and when one party is in breach, the other party may choose to apply either the provisions for liquidated damages or that for the deposit.

Article 117 A party who is unable to perform a contract due to force majeure is exempted from liability in part or in whole in light of the impact of the event of force majeure, except otherwise provided by law. Where an event of force majeure occurs after the party’s delay in performance, it is not exempted from such liability.
　　For purposes of this Law, force majeure means any objective circumstances which are unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable.

Article 118 If a party is unable to perform a contract due to an event of force majeure, it shall timely notify the other party so as to mitigate the losses that may be caused to the other party, and shall provide evidence of such event of force majeure within a reasonable period.

Article 119 Where a party breached the contract, the other party shall take the appropriate measures to prevent the losses from increasing; where the other party’s failure to take appropriate measures results in additional losses, it cannot demand compensation for the additional losses.
　　Any reasonable expense incurred by the other party in preventing additional losses shall be borne by the party in breach.

Article 120 If both parties breach a contract, each party shall bear its own respective liabilities.

Article 121 Where a party’s breach is attributable to a third party, it shall nevertheless be liable to the other party for breach. Any dispute between the party and such third party shall be resolved in accordance with the law or the agreement between the parties.

Article 122 Where the breach of contract by one party infringes upon the other party’s personal or property rights, the aggrieved party is entitled to choose to claim the assumption by the violating and infringing party of liabilities for breach of contract according to this Law, or to claim the assumption by the violating and infringing party of liabilities for infringement according to other laws.
according to other laws.

Chapter 8 Other Provisions

Article 123 Where other laws provide otherwise in respect of a contract, such provisions shall prevail.

Article 124 Where there are no explicitly provisions in the Specific Provisions of this Law or in any other law concerning a certain contract, the provisions in the General Provisions of this Law shall be applied, and reference may be made to the provisions in the Specific Provisions of this Law or in any other law that most closely relate to such contract.

Article 125 If any disputes arise between the parties over the understanding of any clause of the contract, the true meaning thereof shall be determined according to the words and sentences used in the contract, the relevant provisions in the contract, the purpose of the contract, the transaction practices and the principle of good faith.
　　Where a contract is concluded in two or more languages and it is agreed that all versions are equally authentic, the words and sentences in each version are construed to have the same meaning. In case of any discrepancy in the words or sentences used in the different language versions, they shall be interpreted in light of the purpose of the contract.

Article 126 Parties to a foreign-related contract may select the applicable law for resolution of a contractual dispute, except as otherwise provided by law. Where parties to the foreign-related contract fails to select the applicable law, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country with the closest connection thereto.
　　For a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture contract, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture contract, or a contract for Chinese-foreign joint exploration and development of natural resources which is performed within the territory of the People’s Republic of China, the law of the People’s Republic of China shall be applied.

Article 127 Within the scope of their respective duties, the administrative department of industry and commerce and other relevant departments shall, in accordance with the relevant laws and administrative regulations, be responsible for monitoring and dealing with any illegal acts which, by taking advantage of contracts, harm the interests of the State or the interests of the public and society; where such an act constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall be investigated in accordance with the law.
public and society; where such an act constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall be investigated in accordance with the law.

Article 128 The parties may resolve a contractual dispute through settlement or mediation.
　 　Where the parties do not wish to, or are unable to, resolve such dispute through settlement or mediation, the dispute may be submitted to the relevant arbitration institution for arbitration in accordance with the arbitration agreement between the parties. Parties to a foreign-related contract may apply to a Chinese arbitration institution or another arbitration institution for arbitration. Where the parties did not conclude an arbitration agreement, or the arbitration agreement is invalid, either party may bring a suit to the People’s Court. The parties shall perform the judgments, arbitration awards or mediation agreements which have taken legal effect; if a party refuses to perform, the other party may request the People’s Court for enforcement.
arbitration agreement is invalid, either party may bring a suit to the People’s Court. The parties shall perform the judgments, arbitration awards or mediation agreements which have taken legal effect; if a party refuses to perform, the other party may request the People’s Court for enforcement.

Article 129 For a dispute arising from a contract for the international sale of goods or a technology import or export contract, the time limit for bringing a suit or applying for arbitration is four years, calculating from the date on which the party knows or ought to know the infringement on its rights. For a dispute arising from any other type of contract, the time limit for bringing a suit or applying for arbitration shall be governed by the relevant law.
suit or applying for arbitration shall be governed by the relevant law.

Specific Provisions

Chapter 9 Sales Contracts

Article 130 A sales contract is a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of a subject matter to the buyer, and the buyer pays the price for it.

Article 131 In addition to the terms set forth in Article 12 of this Law, a sales contract may also contain such clauses as package manner, inspection standards and method, method of settlement and clearance, language adopted in the contract and its authenticity.
contain such clauses as package manner, inspection standards and method, method of settlement and clearance, language adopted in the contract and its authenticity.

Article 132 The subject matter to be sold shall be owned by the seller or of that the seller shall have the right to dispose.
　 　Where the transfer of a subject matter is prohibited or restricted by laws or administrative regulation, such provision shall be applied.

Article 133 The ownership of a subject matter shall be transferred upon the delivery of the object, except as otherwise stipulated by law or agreed upon by the parties.

Article 134 The parties to a sales contract may agree that the ownership shall belong to the seller if the buyer fails to pay the price or perform other obligations.

Article 135 The seller shall perform the obligations of delivering to the buyer the subject matter or handing over the documents for the buyer to take possession of the subject matter and of transferring the ownership thereto.

Article 136 In addition to the document for taking possession, the seller shall deliver to the buyer the relevant documents and materials in accordance with the agreeme, nt or transaction practices.

Article 137 In a sale of any subject matter which contains intellectual property such as computer software, etc., the intellectual property in the subject matter does not belong to the buyer, except as otherwise provided by law or agreed upon by the parties.

Article 138 The seller shall deliver the subject matter by the time limit agreed upon. Where a time period for delivery is agreed upon, the seller may deliver at any time within the said time period.

Article 139 Where the time limit for delivery of the subject matter is not agreed upon between the parties or the agreement is not clear, the provisions of Article 61 and Item 4 of Article 62 shall be applied.

Article 140 Where a subject matter has been possessed by the buyer prior to the conclusion of the contract, the delivery time shall be the time when the contract becomes effective.

Article 141 The seller shall deliver the subject matter at the agreed place.
　 　Where there is no agreement between the parties as to the place to deliver the subject matter or such agreement is not clear, nor can it be determined according to the provisions of Article 61 of this Law, the following provisions shall be applied:
(1) if the subject matter needs carriageto be transported, the seller shall deliver the subject matter to the first carrier so as to hand it over to the buyer;
(2) if the subject matter does not need carriageto be transported, and the seller and buyer know the place where of the subject matter is placed  when concluding the contract, the seller shall deliver the subject matter at such place; if the place is unknown, the subject matter shall be delivered at the business place of the seller when concluding the contract.

Article 142 The risk of damage to or loss of a subject matter shall be borne by the seller prior to the delivery of the subject matter and by the buyer after delivery, except as otherwise stipulated by law or agreed upon by the parties.

Article 143 Where a subject matter cannot be delivered at the agreed time limit due to any reasons attributable to the buyer, the buyer shall bear the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter as of the date it breaches the agreement.

Article 144 Where the seller sells a subject matter delivered to a carrier for carriage and is in transit, unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties, the risk of damage to or missing of the subject matter shall be borne by the buyer as of the time of establishment of the contract.

Article 145 Where there is no or unclear agreement between the parties as to the place of delivery or such agreement is not clearly, and the subject matter needs carriage to be transported according to the provisions of Item 1 of Paragraph 2 of Article 141 of this Law, the risk of damage to or missing of the subject matter shall be borne by the buyer after the seller has delivered the subject matter to the first
carrier.

Article 146 Where the seller has placed the subject matter at the place of delivery in accordance with the agreement or in accordance with the provisions of Item 2 of Paragraph 2 of Article 141 of this Law, while the buyer fails to take delivery in breach of the agreement, the risk of damage to or missing of the subject matter shall be borne by the buyer as of the date of breach of the agreement.
agreement.

Article 147 The failure of the seller to deliver the documents and materials relating to the subject matter as agreed upon shall not affect shifting the bearing ofthe passing of the risk of damage to or missing of the subject matter..

Article 148 Where the quality of the subject matter does not conform to the quality requirements, making it impossible to achieve the purpose of the contract, the buyer may refuse to accept the subject matter or may terminate the contract. If the buyer refuses to accept the subject matter or terminate the contract, the risk of damage to or missing of the subject matter shall be borne by the seller.

Article 149 Where the risk of damage to or missing of the subject matter is borne by the buyer, the buyer’s right to demand the seller to bear liability for breach of contract due tobecause the seller’s failure to performance of its obligations is not in conformity with the agreement, shall not be affected.

Article 150 Unless otherwise provided by law, the seller shall have the obligation to warrant that no third party shall exercise against the buyer any rights with respect to the delivered subject matter.

Article 151 Where the buyer knows or ought to know, at the time of conclusion of the contract, that a third party has rights on the subject matter to be sold, the seller does not assume the obligation prescribed in Article 150 of this Law.

Article 152 Where the buyer has conclusive evidence to demonstrate that a third party may claim rights on the subject matter, it may suspend to pay the corresponding price, except where the seller provides an appropriate guaranty.

Article 153 The seller shall deliver the subject matter in compliance with the agreed quality requirements. Where the seller gives the quality specifications for the subject matter, the subject matter delivered shall comply with the quality requirements set forth therein.

Article 154 Where there is no or unclear agreement between parties as to the quality requirements for the subject matter is not agreed between parties or such agreement is not clear, norand can it can not be determined according to the provisions of Article 61 of this Law, the provisions of Item 1 of Article 62 of this Law shall be applied.

Article 155 If the subject matter delivered by the seller fails to comply with the quality requirements, the buyer may demand the seller to bear liability for breach of contract in accordance with Article 111 of this Law.

Article 156 The seller shall deliver the subject matter packed in the agreed manner. Where there is no or unclear agreement on package manner in the contract or the agreement is not clear, nor and can it can not be determined according to the provisions of Article 61 of this Law, the subject matter shall be packed in a general manner, or and if no general manner, a package manner enough to protect the subject matter shall be adopted if there is no general manner,.

Article 157 Upon receipt of the subject matter, the buyer shall inspect it within the agreed inspection period. Where no inspection period is agreed, the buyer shall timely inspect the subject matter.

Article 158 Where the parties have agreed upon an inspection period, the buyer shall notify the seller of any non-compliance in quantity or quality of the subject matter within such inspection period. Where the buyer delayed in notifying the seller, the quantity or quality of the subject matter is deemed to comply with the contract.
　　Where no inspection period is agreed, the buyer shall notify the seller within a reasonable period, commencing on the date when the buyer discovered or should have discovered the non-compliance in quantity or quality non-compliance. If the buyer fails to notify within a reasonable period or fails to notify within 2 years, commencing on the date when it received  from the receipt of the subject matter, the quantity or quality of the subject matter is deemed to comply with the contract, except that if there is a warranty period in respect of the subject matter, the warranty period applies and supersedes such two year period.
　 　Where the seller knows or ought to know the non-compliance of the subject matter, the buyer is not subject to the time limits for notification prescribed in the two preceding two paragraphs.

Article 159 The buyer shall pay the pricemake payment of the price in the agreed amount. Where the price is not or unclearly agreed or the agreement is not clear, the provisions of Article 61 and Item 2 of Article 62 shall be applied.

Article 160 The buyer shall make payment of the pricepay the price at the agreed place. Where the place of payment is not or unclearly agreed or the agreement is not clear, norand can it can not be determined according to the provisions of Article 61 of this Law, the buyer shall make payment at the seller’s place of business, or provided that if theat the place where the subject matter or the document for taking delivery thereof, is delivered, if it is agreed that payment shall be conditional upon delivery of the subject matter or delivery of the document for taking delivery of the subject matter.
parties agreed that payment shall be conditional upon delivery of the subject matter or the document for taking delivery thereof, payment shall be made at the place where the subject matter, or the document for taking delivery thereof, is delivered.

Article 161 The buyer shall make payment of the pricepay the price at the agreed time. Where the time for payment is not or unclearly agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor and can it can not be determined in accordance with Article 61 of this Law, the buyer shall make payment at the same time when it receives the subject matter or the document for taking delivery thereof.
taking delivery thereof.

Article 162 Where the seller delivers the subject matter in a quantity greater than that agreed in the contract, the buyer may accept or reject the excess quantitypart. Where the buyer accepts the excess quantitypart, it shall pay the price make the payment at the price agreed in the contract based on the contract rate; where the buyer rejects the excess quantity,part it shall timely notify the seller.

Article 163 The fruits of the subject matter accrued before the delivery belong to the seller if accrued before delivery, and after the delivery, belong to the buyer. if accrued after delivery.

Article 164 Where a contract is terminated due to non-compliance of any main component of the subject matter, the effect of termination extends to the ancillary components. Where the contract is terminated due to non-compliance of any ancillary component of the subject matter, the effect of termination does not extend to the main components.

Article 165 Where one component of  the subject matter which comprises comprises of a number of components, one of which does not comply with the contract, the buyer may terminate the portion of the contract in respect of such component, and provided that if severance of such component with from the other components will significantly diminishes the value of the subject matter, the party may terminate the contract in respect of such number ofthose components.

Article 166 Where the seller is to deliver the subject matter in installments, if the seller fails to deliver one installment of the subject matter or the delivery fails to satisfy the terms of the contract so that, which causes the failure of  the said installment cannot in realize realizing the contract purpose, the buyer may terminate the portion of the contract in respect thereof.
　　If the seller fails to deliver one installment of the subject matter or the delivery fails to satisfy the terms of the contract so that, which causes that the delivery of the subsequent installments of subject matter can not realize the contract purpose, the buyer may terminate the portion of the contract in respect of such installment as well as any those subsequent installments.
　　If the buyer is to terminate the portion of the contract in respect of a particular installment which is interdependent with all other installments, it he may terminate the contract in respect of all delivered and undelivered installments.

Article 167 In a sale by installment payment, where the buyer fails to make payments as they became due, if the delinquent amount has reached one fifth of the total price, the seller may require payment of the full price from the buyer or terminate the contract.
If the seller terminates the contract, it may require the b